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Learn the ropes of Digital Photography

But most photographs aren't just well-defined black and white boundaries - in fact, none of them are. So when faced with angles, gradients, or irregular shapes, the computer has to use its stored rules to guess what color the new pixels should be. In theory, the better routines allow the computer to do a pretty good job at smoothing out the image when the resolution is increased and all those new pixels are put in place. In practice, unlike in the movies or on TV, you can't get information out of a picture that isn't there. That tiny black dot on the horizon isn't going to turn into an umbrella when you double the resolution, it will just be a bigger black dot. So if you need a "bigger picture" than you have, why not use interpolation? The trick is that the interpolation done in your camera is not the same as the interpolation done in your computer's editing software.

Exchangeable Image File (EXIF) data, saved by modern digital cameras in each picture file, is a powerful tool for both keeping track of your work and learning more about how to use your camera and how to take advantage of its capabilities. Created by the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association, this standard is now used by almost all digital cameras. EXIF data stores, as part of the picture file, information such as the date, time, camera model, and settings such as focus mode, flash mode, ISO sensitivity setting, white balance, and many more facts about the state of the camera when the picture was taken. The EXIF data actually envelops the picture data, be it compressed (usually JPEG format) or uncompressed (RAW or TIFF format) data. The data does add anywhere from 100 bytes to 64 kilobytes to the size of the file, but it is invaluable for anything from keeping track of work, indexing large numbers of photographs, or learning more about how your camera's settings affect the quality of the final product.

If you have ever wondered why TIFF files are historically larger than JPEGs we provide an explanation that will hopefully dispel the mystery. Even though TIFF files retain only 8 bits per channel of data, that data will take up twice the storage space because it has three 8 bit color channels versus the one 12 bit RAW channel. JPEG uses compression of the data at the cost of image quality to manage the data. Thus, RAW data offers the best of both worlds where it preserves the original color bit depth and image quality while saving space using only one 12 bit RAW channel. Some cameras offer compressed RAW that minimally compromises data. If you are taking photographs for fun, JPEG offers an option to increase the number of photos stored on a memory disk. So, why would you want to archive your photographs also as a RAW data file?

When discussing image quality for digital photographs image noise is the equivalent of film grain for analogue cameras. Despite the fact that we are working in a visual instead of an audio medium, it is called noise, which is analogous to the subtle background hiss when a television channel has no broadcast or your audio system is turned up at full volume without a record or disk. In digital images, noise refers to random specks on the surface of a photo, which can degrade the quality of the image. While noise is often seen as a distraction and detriment to a photograph, it can be a desirable condition for certain artistic effects. Noise varies with sensitivity settings, length of exposure, temperature, and different camera models. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a useful and universal way of comparing the relative amounts of signal and noise for any electronic system. ISO setting or ISO speed are the standards, which describe a camera's sensitivity to light. A camera's relative sensitivity to light is represented by the ratio of the two ISO numbers. In terms of practical application, a photo taken at ISO 200 will take half as long to reach the same level of exposure as a photo taken at ISO 100 where all other settings are the same.

For the photographer that has a tight budget, it's good to know that there are free resources out there! If you take digital photos, then you can use some great editing software that is absolutely free, made available by Windows. Editing your pictures is a very important step in the photographic process, and can end up costing a pretty good amount of money by the time you are done. Anyone that needs to save money can take advantage of some great editing programs that are free and easy to use! Almost all digital cameras purchased today have a photo editing software program that comes as part of the purchase. These can provide simple cropping and picture modification. One of the many free photo editors offered by Windows is Paint.net. It is offered by Washington State University. You can freely download this freeware and use it to edit your own digital photos. The software has a ton of really cool features, including special effects! It is easy to use and you can even log onto a user forum, if you should need any help or want to see how others are using this great freeware! Another user-friendly freeware program that you can download to edit your photos is VCW VicMan's Photo Editor. This freeware is similar to Adobe's Photoshop. This software has a limited free version, but you can purchase the software for a great price. If you take a little time, you can find it offered at many online merchant websites and can even stumble across some great discounts!

At the opposite end of the spectrum, you can take advantage of the extremely short duration of the flash in low-light situations. Flash firing time can be as short as 1/50,000 of a second, and while the camera's CCD sensor will remain active longer than that, almost all of the light in a dark scene that reaches the CCD will be from that flash event. This can effectively "freeze" the action as if you were using a shutter speed faster than your camera can support. Small built-in flash units have a very short "reach," often providing effective light only as far as two or three meters. This weakness, however, can be turned into a strength if you think about how you want to compose your scene. Certainly for "isolating" or emphasizing your subject, the ability to move only a short distance from background objects and radically reduce their light level is handy. In night shots outdoors or low-level indoor shots, the "weaker" flash gives more control over the content of the shot by dramatically reducing the "foreground" and magnifying the effect of distance.

Secure Digital (SD) cards were designed to replace the older MMC standard - but it's beginning to look like the reverse may happen. The good news is that SD cards are available in larger sized - up to 4 Gigabytes, and higher speeds than MMC cards currently are. In theory, SD cards are the fastest on the market. In practice, it's almost a dead heat with Compact Flash cards. The bad news is that SD cards are losing market share rapidly, though they are still used in many cameras. The better news is that if the MMC standard takes over, full-size MMC cards can be used in SD slots. Compact Flash (CF) is one of the oldest and most popular standards available today. They have the widest range of sizes (up to 8 Gigabytes with larger microdrive-based cards rumored) and are quite quick. Currently they compete only with SD cards for the high-end camera market, and their position looks more secure than SD. New developments in wireless transfer support for cameras and links to external drive packs may cement CF cards' place.

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